Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Buddhist monument in Magelang,Central
Java, Indonesia. The monument consists of six square
platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha
statues. A main dome, located
at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated
inside a perforated stupa.
The monument is both a shrine to
the Lord Buddha and
a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the
monument and follows a path around the monument and ascends to the top through
three levels symbolic of Buddhist cosmology:Kāmadhātu (the
world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the
world of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive
system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the
walls and the balustrades.
Evidence suggest Borobudur was constructed in the 9th
century and abandoned following the 14th century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javaneseconversion
to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the
British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians.
Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations.
The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975
and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following
which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Borobudur is still used
for pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the
monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.